CPT Code 97110 : Therapeutic Exercise CPT Code

Therapeutic exercise CPT code 97110 is a fundamental billing code for physical therapists, occupational therapists, and rehabilitation specialists. This code represents structured physical activities designed to improve a patient's strength, flexibility, and mobility through evidence-based therapeutic exercises. For healthcare providers, mastering CPT 97110 documentation and billing practices is essential for ensuring accurate reimbursement and maintaining compliance while delivering quality patient care.

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This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about the therapeutic exercise CPT code - from proper documentation requirements and modifier usage to practical billing scenarios and reimbursement considerations across different insurance providers. Whether you're new to PT billing or looking to optimize your practice's revenue cycle management, this resource will help you navigate the complexities of therapeutic exercise coding with confidence.

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What is Therapeutic Exercise CPT Code 97110?

CPT 97110 falls under the category of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and is defined by the American Medical Association (AMA) as therapeutic exercises designed to improve a patient's mobility and strength, helping them regain the ability to perform daily tasks. The ultimate goal is to enhance a patient’s ability to participate in everyday activities such as walking, bending, lifting, or even more complex tasks like standing from a seated position without discomfort. For physical therapists, using the 97110 CPT code means that the prescribed exercises are medically necessary and contribute directly to a patient's recovery by addressing specific impairments.

Common Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Exercise (CPT 97110)

CPT code 97110 is applicable to a wide range of conditions and treatment goals. Here are some common scenarios

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1. Post-Surgical Rehabilitation:

• Joint replacements: Knee, hip, shoulder
• ACL reconstruction
• Rotator cuff repair
  

2. Chronic Pain Management:

• Lower back pain
• Osteoarthritis
• Fibromyalgia
  

3. Neurological Rehabilitation:

• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury
• Spinal cord injury
  

4. General Strength and Conditioning:

• Injury prevention
• Aging-related muscle loss
• Improved overall fitness

Understanding CPT 97110 as a Timed Code: The 8-Minute Rule

CPT 97110 is a time-based code, so the number of units that you can bill is based on how long it takes to do the exercise. Most payers use Medicare's guidance, and for CPT 97110, there is what's called the eight-minute rule. The exercise must last a minimum of eight minutes and up to 22 minutes in order for you to bill one unit of CPT 97110. 

This is, of course, a trickier rule, especially with mixed remainders—that is, the leftover minutes from other modalities that could be sum-mated and used to bill another unit. Appropriate documentation of time can prevent difficulty with reimbursement.

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Essential Modifiers for Therapeutic Exercise Billing (CPT 97110)

In addition to providing appropriate units, some payers may ask you to add a modifier that describes further the type of service you delivered. Services would typically be documented with the GP modifier, reflecting a service that is unique in terms of skills and knowledge for a physical therapist.

Take note that the GP modifier is used in cases where the services are provided under an outpatient physical therapy plan of care. Attachment of this makes the billing understandable and easily interpretable by the payers, hence helping them know why and where the services were being used.

For filing claims, it should be confirmed whether any insurance payer has a specific requirement for modalities used and, if so, which modality is to be used.

Documentation Requirements for CPT 97110

Billing for CPT 97110 requires accurate and complete documentation. This not only ensures correct compensation, but also keeps a detailed record of the patient's treatment and development.

Here are the critical elements to include in your documentation:

1. Deficit Area and Diagnosis

Identify the primary deficit that you’re addressing—whether it’s limited range of motion, decreased muscle strength, or reduced endurance. Relate this to the patient’s functional limitations. 

Example: "Patient presents with a 30% reduction in shoulder ROM due to post-surgical stiffness, impacting their ability to perform daily tasks such as dressing and lifting objects overhead."

This clearly links the impairment to a functional limitation.

1. Exercise Type and Purpose

Be specific about the exercises performed and their intended outcomes. For each exercise, include the:

• Type (e.g., active ROM, resistive strengthening)
• Intensity (e.g., 3 sets of 10 reps with 5-pound resistance)
• Frequency (e.g., performed 3 times per week)

Example:

"Active-assisted shoulder ROM exercises, performed with the goal of improving abduction to 90 degrees, were prescribed to enhance the patient's ability to dress independently."

1. Functional Progress

Track any changes in the exercise program, such as an increase in resistance or the introduction of new exercises. Highlight how these changes correlate with the patient’s improvement in functional tasks.

• Example: "Added light resistance band exercises for shoulder strength, with improved ROM allowing the patient to now reach above head level."

1. Treatment Time and Modality

CPT 97110 is time-based, typically billed in 15-minute increments. Ensure you document the time spent on therapeutic exercises in each session, as failure to include accurate timing can result in denied claims.

Explore our guide to documentation requirements for physical therapy

Clinical Case Examples

Let’s dive into a few case scenarios where CPT 97110 might be applicable, helping to paint a clearer picture of how this code fits into your daily practice:

Case 1: Post-Surgical Knee Rehabilitation

• Patient Profile: A 50-year-old male, post total knee arthroplasty.
• Deficit: Limited range of motion in the knee, decreased quadriceps strength.
• Treatment: Therapeutic exercises focused on knee flexion and extension to restore full ROM and quadriceps strengthening using resistance bands.
• Functional Goal: Patient to walk independently without a limp and perform stairs safely.
• In this scenario, CPT 97110 would cover the therapist-guided exercises aimed at improving knee mobility and strength to support functional activities like walking and climbing stairs.

Case 2: Chronic Low Back Pain

• Patient Profile: A 40-year-old female with chronic lower back pain.
• Deficit: Weak core muscles and tight hamstrings.
• Treatment: Core stabilization exercises, including planks and pelvic tilts, alongside hamstring stretching to improve flexibility and reduce lumbar strain.
• Functional Goal: Patient to sit and stand for extended periods without pain, and perform bending and lifting tasks at work without discomfort.
• This case highlights how CPT 97110 can be used to bill for exercises that target functional limitations caused by muscle imbalances or weakness.

Common CPT Codes Frequently Used with CPT 97110

Pairing CPT 97110 with other therapeutic codes is a common practice for physical therapists aiming to provide comprehensive care. These additional codes allow for a more well-rounded treatment plan, ensuring both better patient outcomes and proper billing.

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Learn more about common PT billing codes

Reimbursement Rates and Insurance Guidelines

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Even with documentation, denials can still occur. Some of the most common reasons for denials are that the exercises that have been done are not documented well enough, they were not supervised effectively, or there was not enough supporting documentation to show patient progress. To avoid these pitfalls, your documentation should contain:

• Specific exercises performed and their purpose.
• Length of the exercise portion and number of units billed.
• Details of the supervisor clinician.
• Evidence that the patient has improved over time.

In other words, the more detailed and thorough the documentation, the less the chance of denials and the more apt the practice will be for improved reimbursement.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How does the '8-minute rule' apply to CPT 97110?

Answer: The ‘8-minute rule’ is critical for correctly billing CPT 97110. This time-based code is billed in 15-minute increments, with one unit requiring at least 8 minutes of exercise. For example:

• If a therapist spends 20 minutes on therapeutic exercises, they can bill for one unit of CPT 97110.
• If the exercises last for 25 minutes, two units can be billed.

Precise documentation of the time spent on each exercise is crucial to avoid claim denials.

2. What is the GP modifier, and when should it be used with CPT 97110?

Answer: The GP modifier is used to indicate that the services provided are part of an outpatient physical therapy plan of care. You should attach the GP modifier to CPT 97110 when billing for therapeutic exercises in an outpatient setting, which helps payers easily interpret the treatment as physical therapy-related.

For instance, if you perform therapeutic exercises under an outpatient therapy plan, you would bill CPT 97110 with the GP modifier to show that the services are part of the patient's ongoing care.

3. Can CPT 97110 be used for general conditioning exercises, or is it only for injury-related rehabilitation?

Answer: CPT 97110 can be used for both injury-related rehabilitation and general conditioning exercises, provided that the exercises are medically necessary and aimed at improving a patient's ability to function. For example, a physical therapist might use CPT 97110 for therapeutic exercises to prevent muscle loss in aging adults or to improve a patient's flexibility and strength after prolonged immobilization, as long as these exercises meet medical necessity criteria.

4. How do I ensure reimbursement for CPT 97110 when using multiple CPT codes in a single session?

Answer: To ensure reimbursement when using CPT 97110 along with other codes, it's crucial to:

• Document the distinct and separate nature of each service.
• Adhere to payer-specific rules on code combinations.
• Accurately document the time spent on each service to avoid overlap.

For example, if you perform therapeutic exercises (CPT 97110) and manual therapy (CPT 97140), ensure that you clearly document the different times and purposes for each to avoid claim rejection.

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5. How is CPT code 97110 different from therapeutic activity CPT code 97530?

While both CPT 97110 (therapeutic exercise) and CPT 97530 (therapeutic activities) involve physical therapy interventions, they differ in their focus and application. Therapeutic exercise (97110) targets specific muscle groups or joints to improve strength, ROM, endurance, or flexibility using structured exercises. In contrast, therapeutic activities (97530) focus on functional tasks that simulate daily activities like lifting, carrying, or reaching activities.

For example, a physical therapist might bill CPT 97110 when having a patient perform shoulder abduction exercises with resistance bands to improve rotator cuff strength, while CPT 97530 would be appropriate when having the patient practice reaching for items on high shelves to improve functional ability at home.

6. What documentation is required specifically for ther ex CPT code billing?

For proper therapeutic exercise (CPT 97110) documentation, therapists must include:


• Specific identification of the muscle group or joint being treated
• Detailed description of each exercise (type, repetitions, resistance)
• Objective measurements of baseline function and progress
• Direct correlation between exercises and functional goals
• Total treatment time with breakdown by minutes for each exercise
• Skilled intervention justification that explains why a therapist's expertise was necessary
• Patient's response to treatment
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For example, proper documentation might state: "Patient performed 3 sets of 10 shoulder abduction exercises with 2-pound weight to improve overhead reaching ability needed for dressing. Exercise required therapist guidance for proper scapular positioning and technique modification to prevent compensatory movement patterns.
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7. Can therapeutic exercise CPT code 97110 be billed for group therapy sessions?

No, CPT 97110 is specifically for one-on-one therapeutic exercises provided by a qualified healthcare professional to a single patient. For group therapy settings where multiple patients perform similar exercises simultaneously under the supervision of a therapist, the appropriate code would be CPT 97150 (therapeutic procedure, group).

The key distinction is that 97110 requires direct, individual attention from the therapist throughout the exercise session, while 97150 allows the therapist to supervise multiple patients simultaneously.

Optimize Your Therapeutic Exercise Billing Today

Mastering CPT code 97110 documentation and billing is essential for physical therapy practices looking to maximize reimbursement while delivering exceptional patient care. Sprypt's comprehensive EMR and billing software is specifically designed to streamline therapeutic exercise documentation, ensure coding compliance, and accelerate your revenue cycle.


Our solution includes:
- Built-in templates for therapeutic exercise documentation
- Automatic time tracking for accurate CPT 97110 billing
- Integrated modifier suggestions based on documented care
- Real-time insurance eligibility verification
- Analytics to track your most common treatment codes

Schedule a personalized demo to see how Sprypt can help your practice optimize therapeutic exercise billing and reduce claim denials.